Binocular Cue

Binocular cues refer to those depth cues in which both eyes are needed to perceive. 
 
Convergence is a type of binocular cue and it refers to the fact that the closer an object, the more inward our eyes need to turn in order to focus.The farther our eyes converge, the closer an object appears to be.

An example of convergence is if you hold one finger about six inches from your eyes, and look at it; then move it a foot farther and you can feel the change in eye muscles at different distances.

Figure-Ground Perception

Figure-Ground Perception is a property of perception in which there is a tendency to see parts of a visual field as solid, well-defined objects standing out against a less distinct background.

The picture below is an example of figure-ground perception because to some people it looks like a vase and to others, it looks like two faces.

Proximity

Proximity is when objects that are close to each other are grouped and recognized as part of the same object or thing.

 The image below is an example of proximity because the circles on the left appear to be grouped in vertical columns while the circles on the right appear to be in horizontal rows.

Similarity

The similarity principle says that elements tend to be integrated into groups if they are similar to each other.
The image below is an example of similarity principle:



Motion Perception

Lets us figure out the speed and direction of a moving object.

Example: A ball is thrown by a kid, you notice it is coming towards you at a very fast speed. We know this because of our motion perception.

Monocular Cues

Texture: It is provided by our proximity to objects. The closer we are to an object the more detail/texture we can see. Likewise, the father away from an object we are the less detail or texture we will see.

Example: If you look at a ball of yarn from around 10 feet away you will see a ball of yarn. As you got closer to the ball you would be able to see the string and how it is wrapped around creating the ball. Then, if you get up close to it, you would be able to see little strings protruding from the main string.

Linear Perspective: All lines leading to the center point on the horizon.

Example: We know that the rails of a railroad never meet up, but when you look straight down them to our eyes it appears that they meet at the horizon. If you went down to where it looked liked the met up you would see that they really did not. It was just how our eyes perceived the image.

Perceptual Constancies

• Size Constancy-  within a certain range, people's perception of one particular objects' size will not change, regardless of changes in distance or the video size change on the retina.

  In the picture below, it looks as if a larger man is chasing a smaller man, but in reality, the two men are absolutely identical.
    

• Brightness Constancy- refers to our ability to recognize that color remains the same regardless of how it looks under different levels of light.

In the picture below, try to match one of the boxes to the right of the line that is the same shade of color to the box on the left side of the line.

• Shape Constancy- is the tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we look at it.

An example of shape constancy is show in the picture below.

Continuity

Continuity says that we have a tendency to connect things into small continuous groups and patterns.


When we look at the images we see shapes instead of seperate dashes. This shows how we group things together using continuity.

Closure

Closure is when our brain ignores gaps and creates a complete whole object.